Charitty Royal :: essays research papers

Charity Royall displays both self indulgence and self control. Judge Royall represented law and structure in her life. He was the one sure thing that she had. He was her only monetary means of survival and without him she would not be were she is or would not have a place to stay, food to eat, or clothes to wear. Then on the other hand there was Lucius Harney, who represented everything else in her life. Excitement, adventure, fun, and finally the ability to fulfill and longtime dream of being with a sophisticated person some one that was not from North Dormer the town that she despised so much.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judge Royall was the only father figure she ever had. He made a promise to her jail bound father to give Charity a better life. He drove all night to find Charity up in the mountain; she knows that and because of that she feels some what compelled to stay with him so that he is not lonely. â€Å"Charity ‘felt softness in her heart’ in knowing that he drove all night to fetch her from the mountain (266)†. She knows that she runs his household and that he cannot be with out her because all in all she is the only person that he has.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In spite of everything†¦Lawyer Royall ruled in North Dormer; and Charity ruled in Lawyer Royall’s house. She had never put it to herself in those terms; but she had known her power, knew what it was made of and hated it. (p. 146) The same though goes for her. He is the only one that she has. When he was going to send her to boarding school he decides not to send her. After he decides not to send her away at all, Charity, who is always â€Å"sick of North Dormer† (22) is disappointed but finally understand his decision: â€Å"He and she, face to face in that sad house, had sounded the depths of isolation; and though she felt no particular affection for him, and not the slightest gratitude, she pitted him because she was conscious that he was superior to the people about him and that she was the only being between him and solitude. (P.5) This tells the reader that although he â€Å"rescued† her from the mountain that is not why she feels compelled to stay with him. She knows that because she is there physically (she really is not there emotionally) he does not fell alone in the world.

Good Writing Essay

You know it when you see it. It is not that hard to tell whether a piece of writing is good or bad, you just have to read it. And it is pretty important to be able to discern the difference, if you ask me. But things get more challenging if you have to explain why it is good. You might be called upon to write a report at school or you may fancy communicating your ideas online via a blog. And, of course, a well written CV with no spelling or grammatical mistakes is essential if you want a new job. Writing skills are an important part of communication and they have to be developed, since it is used in many areas of our daily life. Good writing allows you to communicate your message with clarity and ease to a far larger audience than through face-to-face or telephone conversations. â€Å"If you want to write well†¦ read, read, and then read some more. Read good writing. Read bad writing. Learn to know the difference. Note for simplicity of style: noun, verb, object; noun, verb, object. It worked for Hemingway, who often said that his ultimate goal was to create the perfect sentence. Read some Hemingway, and not just his novels, but some of his early newspaper writing. There’s never been better news and feature writing, ever. When you read the works of these and other fine writers, notice the simplicity of their language and how they vary their sentence structure and length. Some sentences number two or three words; others run an entire paragraph. There are countless tips on writing well, but I leave you with this one: read first, then write. † –Bill Reed Therefore, you need to take into account the next steps to produce good writing (in no particular order): 1. Clarity and focus: in good writing, everything makes sense and readers don’t get lost or have to reread passages to figure out what’s going on. Focused writing sticks with the plot or core idea without running off on too many tangents. 2. Organization: a well-organized piece of writing is not only clear, it’s presented in a way that is logical and aesthetically pleasing. You can tell non-linear stories or place your thesis at the end of an essay and get away with it as long as your scenes or ideas are well ordered. 3. Ideas and themes: is the topic of your paper relevant? Does your story come complete with themes? Can the reader visualize your poem? For a piece of writing to be considered well crafted, it has to contain clearly identifiable ideas and themes. 4. Voice: this is what sets you apart from all other writers. It’s your unique way of stringing words together, formulating ideas, and relating scenes or images to the reader. 5. Language (word choice): we writers can never underestimate or fail to appreciate our most valuable tools — words. Good writing includes smart word choices and well-crafted sentences. 6. Grammar and style: many writers would wish this one away, but for a piece of writing to be considered good (let alone great), it has to follow the rules of grammar (and break those rules only when there’s a good reason). Style is also important in ensuring that a piece of writing is clear and consistent. Make sure you keep a grammar book and style guide handy. 7. Credibility or believability: nothing says bad writing like getting the facts wrong or misrepresenting oneself. In fiction, the story must be believable (even if it’s impossible), and in nonfiction, accurate research can make or break a writer. 8. Thought-provoking or emotionally inspiring: perhaps the most important quality of good writing is how the reader responds to it. Does she come away with a fresh perspective and new ideas? Does he close the cover with tears in his eyes or a sense of victory? How readers react to your work will fully determine your success as a writer. 9. Sentence Fluency that is smooth and expressive: Fluent sentences are easy to understand and fun to read with expression. 10. Use transitional expressions to help readers understand where your message is going. Common transitional expressions include therefore, consequently, however, then, first, next, and although. To have a good writing not only is necessary to not make mistakes, but to follow some steps to enrich the work. And to achieve that, you need to have qualities in terms of patience and organization. In other words, a good writing is a complicated process that takes time. But if you follow the guidelines that are set out it will be easy and successful. For that reason, is very important to practice writing. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Peha, Steve. Looking for Quality in Student Writing. Teaching That Makes Sense. 2003 . [ 2 ]. Writing Skills. SkillsYouNeed. 2012 . [ 3 ]. Reed, Bill. Developing Good Writing Skills. Academic Tips. 2008 . [ 4 ]. Donovan, Melissa. Eight Characteristics of Good Writing. Writing Forward. 2012 .

Understanding Celibacy, Abstinence, and Chastity

The word â€Å"celibacy† is typically used to refer to a voluntary decision to remain unmarried or to abstain from engaging in any sexual activity, usually for religious reasons. While the term celibacy is typically used in reference only to persons who choose to remain unmarried as a condition of sacred religious vows or convictions, it can also apply to the voluntary abstinence from all sexual activity for any reason. While they are often used interchangeably, celibacy, abstinence, and chastity are not exactly the same. Key Terms Celibacy is a voluntary choice to remain unmarried or engage in any form of sexual activity, usually in order to fulfill a religious vow. A person who practices celibacy is said to be â€Å"celibate.† Abstinence is also called â€Å"continence† and is the often-temporary strict avoidance of all forms of sexual activity for any reason.Chastity, from the Latin word castitas, meaning â€Å"purity,† embraces abstinence as a praiseworthy virtue according to the prevailing social standards of morality. Celibacy is generally  recognized as a voluntary choice to remain unmarried or engage in any form of sexual activity, usually in order to fulfill a religious vow. In this sense, one can accurately be said to be practicing sexual abstinence as a condition of his or her vow of celibacy. Abstinence — also called continence — refers to the often temporary strict avoidance of all forms of sexual activity for any reason. Chastity is a voluntary lifestyle that involves far more than abstaining from sexual activity. Coming from the Latin word castitas, meaning â€Å"purity,† chastity embraces abstinence from sexual activity as a praiseworthy and virtuous quality according to the standards of morality held by a person’s particular culture, civilization, or religion. In modern times, chastity has become associated with sexual abstinence, particularly before or outside of marriage or other type of exclusively committed relationship. Celibacy and Sexual Orientation The concept of celibacy as a decision to remain unmarried applies to both traditional and same-sex marriage. Similarly, the lifestyle restrictions implied by the terms abstinence and chastity refer to both heterosexual and gay sexual activity. In the context of celibacy related to religion, some gay people choose to be celibate in keeping with their religion’s teachings or doctrine on gay relationships. In an amendment adopted in 2014, the American Association of Christian Counselors banned the promotion of the largely discredited process of conversion therapy for gay persons, encouraging the practice of celibacy instead. Celibacy in Religion In the context of religion, celibacy is practiced in different ways. Most familiar of these is the mandatory celibacy of male and female members of the active clergy and monastic devotees. While most female religious celibates today are Catholic nuns living in residential cloisters, there have been notable solitary celibate female figures, such the anchoress — a female hermit — Dame Julian of Norwich, born in 1342. In addition, religious celibacy is sometimes practiced by laypersons or clergy members in a faith not requiring it out of devotion or to allow them to perform certain religious services. Brief History of Religiously-Motivated Celibacy Derived from the Latin word caelibatus, meaning â€Å"state of being unmarried,† the concept of celibacy has been acknowledged by most major religions throughout history. However, not all religions have acknowledged it favorably. Ancient Judaism strongly rejected celibacy. Similarly, early Roman polytheistic religions, practiced between about 295 B.C.E. and 608 C.E., held it to be an aberrant behavior and imposed severe fines against it. The emergence of Protestantism around 1517 CE saw a rise in the acceptance of celibacy, although the Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church never adopted it. The attitudes of the Islamic religions regarding celibacy have also been mixed. While the Prophet Muhammad denounced celibacy and recommended marriage as a commendable deed, some Islamic sects embrace it today. In Buddhism, most ordained monks and nuns choose to live in celibacy believing it to be one of the prerequisites to reaching enlightenment. While most people associate religious celibacy with Catholicism, the Catholic Church actually imposed no requirement of celibacy on its clergy for the first 1,000 years of its history. Marriage remained a matter of choice for Catholic bishops, priests, and deacons until the Second Lateran Council of 1139 mandated celibacy for all members of the clergy. As a result of the Council’s decree, married priests were required to give up either their marriage or their priesthood. Faced with this choice, many priests left the church. While celibacy remains a requirement for Catholic clergy today, an estimated 20% of Catholic priests worldwide are believed to be legally married. Most married priests are found in the Catholic Churches of Eastern nations like the Ukraine, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. While these churches recognize the authority of the Pope and the Vatican, their rituals and traditions more closely follow those of the Eastern Orthodox Church, which had never embraced celibacy. Reasons for Religious Celibacy How do religions justify mandatory celibacy? No matter what they are called in a given religion, the â€Å"priest† is exclusively trusted to perform the sacred function of communicating the needs of the people to God or other heavenly power. The efficacy of the priesthood is based on the congregation’s trust that the priest is properly qualified and possesses the ritual purity necessary to speak to God on their behalf. Religions that require it of their clergy consider celibacy to be a prerequisite for such ritual purity. In this context, religious celibacy is likely to have been derived from ancient taboos that viewed sexual power as vying with religious power, and the sex act itself as having a polluting effect on priestly purity.   Reasons for Non-Religious Celibacy For many people who do so, choosing a celibate lifestyle has little or nothing to do with an organized religion. Some may feel that eliminating the demands of sexual relationships allows them to better focus on other important aspects of their lives, like career advancement or education. Others may have found their past sexual relationships to have been particularly unfulfilling, damaging, or even painful. Still others choose to abstain from sex out of their unique personal beliefs of what is â€Å"proper behavior.† For example, some people may choose to adhere to the morality-based tradition of abstaining from sex outside of marriage. Beyond personal beliefs, other celibates consider abstinence from sex to be the only absolute method of avoiding sexually-transmitted diseases or unplanned pregnancies. Outside of religious vows and obligations, celibacy or abstinence is a matter of personal choice. While some may consider a celibate lifestyle extreme, others may consider it liberating or empowering. Sources and Further Reference OBrien, Jodi. â€Å".†Encyclopedia of Gender and Society, Volume 1 SAGE. pp. 118–119, 2009. Olson, Carl. â€Å"Celibacy and Religious Traditions.† Oxford University Press, 2007. Buehler, Stephanie. â€Å".†What Every Mental Health Professional Needs to Know About Sex Springer Publishing Company, 2013. Ott, Mary A. and Santelli, John S. â€Å"Abstinence and abstinence-only education.† Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2007, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5913747/.â€Å"What Is the Law of Chastity? ChurchofJesusChrist.org. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/chastity/what-is-the-law-of-chastity?langeng.Taylor, Jeremy. â€Å"Of Chastity.† Holy Living. Chapter II, Section III,  http://www.anglicanlibrary.org/taylor/holyliving/09chap2sect3.htm.

Analysis Of Film The Filmmaking World - 1197 Words

Director Comparative Analysis In the filmmaking world, the different uses of cinematography are endless. In many cases, a director’s editing techniques and narrative are so distinct that one might differentiate the film’s director just by examining its cinematic language. For example, Steven Spielberg uses signature works in many of his films that allow viewers to categorize them as his own. Spielberg, a famous Hollywood style director, was born in Ohio. He kicked off his Hollywood career after directing his low budget films Firelight and Amblin’. After he signed his contract with Universal Studios, the director went on to film record-breaking movies. A few of Spielberg’s movies include Jaws, Jurassic Park, and E.T. The Extra Terrestrial. These films share some of this iconic filmmaker’s trademarks such as the long take, character expressions, and the reoccurring theme of family. First, what is a long take? This element of cinematography is one of S pielberg’s greatest signatures; he holds the title, â€Å"The Spielberg Oner.† This type of shot is continuous, and does not cut away to other shots. The main camera follows the action and characters, and no editing is used. In the old world of filmography, long takes were very common. In fact, some films were entirely composed of sequences of long takes. Nowadays, this technique is not often used, and when they are, they are very noticeable. This is where Steven Spielberg stands out; in his films, this director’s long takes are notShow MoreRelatedThe Utilisation Of Symmetry Within Filmmaking1645 Words   |  7 Pageswithin filmmaking, primarily in cinematography, is a stylised technique used to highlight significant events film narratives. This proposal will decipher whether symmetry used as a stylistic filmic technique, is a notable and powerful visual aid that heightens the viewers experience and significance of narrative developments. The purpose of this st udy is to gauge information about how symmetry showcases a posed and staged approach in filmmaking, and if that will drive the movement of film narrativesRead MoreWhat Is Cinema? The World s Most Complex, Collaborative, And Costly Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagesin the 19th century. It is the world’s most complex, collaborative, and costly artistic expression. Initially, the first two versions of the film camera used were the kineto-graph and its European counterpart, the cinematograph to record daily events like a train arrival at a station and an electrocuting elephant. It was after that when Documentary filmmaking was then born and tremendously explored. Average men were instructed on how to use the recently-created camera and were hired to go for journeysRead MoreDefining Socially Conscious Film Making Essay1311 Words   |  6 Pages DOES THE END JUSTIFY THE MEANS? HOW DO WE DEFINE SOCIALLY CONSCIOUS FILMMAKING? Two accountants recently told me that the IRS is questioning (as they tended to do so years ago) whether filmmakers are hobbyists or professionals. They determine this on the basis of whether or not profits are made on a sustainable basis. Most obviously, one of the main issues facing our industry is supply and demand—too many people willing to work for low wages in an industry in which there is too little demandRead MoreNetwork of People in the Film Industry Essay example1120 Words   |  5 PagesNetwork of people in the film industry The film industry, unlike the music industry or the art world, consists of simultaneously literary, visual and audio elements. As a result, the film industry is a complex industry with talents from more diverse fields involved. According to a web page, Film Jobs Hierarchy (2013), the production of a film normally consist of four phases, namely development, pre production, production and post production, and an additional phase of distribution. Each involvesRead MoreReflection Of Casablanca1282 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout the term I have begun experiencing movies in a different way. The class has taken ideas of cinematography, theory, and film history and practically applied it to physically watching movies. By breaking down scenes and movies as a whole, the way I look at films in general has developed. A reflection on two of the films from this term, Casablanca (Curtiz, 1942) and North by Northwest (Hitchcock, 1959) will carry the bulk of the essay. Though, I will also be discussing how this class changedRead MoreFilm Analysis : Akira Kurosawa s Samurai Films1672 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica dominated the freshly emerged film industry. Each country had their own distinctive filming style, which in turn helped them each eventually make a name for themselves in this rising industry. Noh Theater, soft self-analysis, and minimalism heavily influenced Japan’s filming techniques. Meanwhile, America was the complete opposite with their flashy action scenes, dramatic effects, and plot-dri ven films. Kurosawa integrated western styles of filmmaking along with Japanese style to create hisRead MoreFilm Review On The Film Cinema 1673 Words   |  7 Pagescraft, thus giving individual films a specific personality which therefore eased the process of discerning which piece of cinema was created by which filmmaker. Because of the progress made in film technology, especially early on, certain aspects of filmmaking that once were inconceivable (camera movement, Foley, CGI) are often employed in the films that audiences view today. Although, while the evolution of technology may be linear, it cannot be assumed that quality of film follows the same trend. InsteadRead MoreEssay about Land Without Bread1391 Words   |  6 PagesLand Without Bread by Luis Bunuel There are numerous ethnographic surrealist films that have an intriguing relationship to aesthetics and politics. A film that exemplifies this relationship is â€Å"Las Hurdes: Tierra Sin Pan† (Land Without Bread). This film is only 27-minutes and is directed by the infamous Luis Bunuel in 1933. Bunuel was a Spanish filmmaker of the 1920’s to the 1970’s. He is often attributed to being one of the major contributors to the surrealist movement of the 1920’s. â€Å"EthnographicRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Hurt Locker1515 Words   |  7 Pagesleader Sergeant First Class William James in Katherine Bigelow’s film The Hurt Locker (2008) provides insight to a world that much of the audience will never experience. Although The Hurt Locker would be regarded as a â€Å"realistic† film in form and content by modern standards, the resulting product would not belong totally to â€Å"realist cinema† as defined by French theorist and film ciritic A ndre Bazin. Bigelow’s directive approach to the film opposes the core of his writings with the use close ups, obtrusiveRead MoreAnalysis Of Gunning s Theory, The Term `` Attractions ``2469 Words   |  10 Pageshis attempt to find a new model and mode of analysis for the theater (Eisenstein, 1970). In Gerould’s (Gerould, 1974) Einstein Montage of Attractions he states: An attraction aggressively subjected the spectator to â€Å"sensual or psychological impact.† According to Eisenstein, theater should consist of a montage of such attractions, creating a relation to the spectator entirely different from his absorption in â€Å"illusory imitativeness. When advertising a film it is important for the producers to create

Is Games Good Or Not For Human Development - 1270 Words

Games are an essential part of all cultures throughout the world and are one of the oldest form of human interaction. It has been around human being since 3000 BC by the discovery of the oldest board games in Turkey and since then, games has been developing rapidly (Attia 2014). Nowadays, most people love to do it as a nice way to spend their leisure time because it makes them feel relaxed, enjoyed, or even make money by doing it. There are many types of games such as board games, card games, roleplaying games, and electronic gaming; but all games have a common thing; they teach us various aspects of life. However, many, especially parents, regard games as a bad thing to do, but others think that they could benefit from doing it. Same†¦show more content†¦Video games are also effective to build adolescents resiliency on facing failure. In game worlds, there is no such thing as huge punishment when the gamer did mistakes. They could restart the game and try to avoid the mista ke that they did last time. This cycle keep repeating itself until the adolescent immune to it. They will have more determination and not give up easily. Phillips stated that gamer have an intense concentration and deep focus on tackling a really difficult problem. When they eventually solve the problem, they will be in a condition that is so extraordinary positive because they had no idea that they would have solved the problem until they achieve it. It was almost beyond the threshold of an imagination and when gamer get there, they were shocked to discover what they truly capable of (Phillips 2015). This is what we need to see on millions of problem solvers. Adolescents who play games moderately will eventually turn into adults with an amazing problem solving skills. However, this condition might also be a problem because gamer feel that they are not as good in reality as they are in games. Relating this to the first source, gamer are really good in the virtual world but implement ing the same performance in reality is not as easy as it looks. They are not as in motivated to do something that matters as if they are in game worlds. Nonetheless, they have the capability to solve the problem even though they

Organizational Dynamics and Change

Questions: 1. Describe the sources and contingencies of power you and the other technologists in your departmen? 2. Apply the conflict process model (found in Chapter 11 of your textbook) to this case. Describe three structural sources of conflict present in this case?3. From the perspective of management, what is the problem(s) in this case? From the union/employee perspective, what is the problem(s) in this case?4. How could the parties in this case work together to ensure that the mill will receive the investment of funds needed to avoid any layoffs?5. Using the path-goal leadership theory, describe the leadership style of Tom Parker and explain whether his leadership style is most appropriate for the situation?6. Using the path-goal leadership theory, identify the leadership style(s) you should use in this situation. Explain why you selected this style(s) and discuss why? 7. Should transformational leadership be used in this situation? Explain why or why not?8. Report on your teams consensus answers to the Reflecting about Performing questions. If need be, refine them for conciseness and clarity?9. Suppose you have formal authority to allocate performance bonuses to your employees. What contingencies must exist before this source of power will translate into actual power?10. Explain the concept of shared leadership and discuss why it is important for top management to value and support shared leadership? Answers: 1. Sources and Contingencies of Power at Work Place Power is the ability within an individual that enables them to influence other people attitudes, beliefs, and values (Meglino and Ravlin, 2011)[1]. Power and influence will drive an organization contingency. Contingencies are possible future events that may at times be difficult to predict due to certainties (William, 2014)[2] Combined power and influence among authorities and other staff can be determined by prevailing circumstances and contingencies (Scot Davis, 2014).[3] Legitimate power is the power that describes our technologists roles and responsibility. Technologists legitimate power in the university is to ensure all instructors have appropriate access to technological materials such as online study materials and manually updated study materials that are in line with technology advancement. University technologists have reward power that allows us to exercise authority over all technological sources within the university. We also have the ability to motivate the instructors' organizational adoption success through motivation. Finally, as technical leaders, we shall use our expert power to apply new knowledge and skills. New insights and expertise will enhance the academic development of the institution through technology. As a leader within the technology department, I will implement the contingency power of substitutability and centrality. I will use the substitutability power by ensuring that the technological systems are up-to-date and that old systems are replaced with new ones. I will influence my colleagues to apply centrality by supporting joint efforts of collaborating with students and instructors so as to complete the course syllabus. 2. Sources of Conflict and Conflict Management Styles and Strategies The fundamental causes of conflict present in Northwest Canadian Forest Product Limited are communication problems, interdependence, and differentiation. Communication problems in an organization often occur when there is unclear communication thus causing conflict. Communication problem at Northwest Canadian Forest product creates conflict among employees and supervisors as they lost trust in each other thus leading to a negative attitude towards the achievement of the organization goals. Interdependence is likely to cause conflict when teammates rely upon others to accomplish a company objective. Conflict at Northwest Company is evident when supervisors perceive that employees are unable to work unless supervised, this has led to the lack of confidence among the two parties thus causing conflict. Differentiation in an organization occurs when there are differences among staff in an organization. The case of differentiation at Northwest Canadian Company is presented in the case where supervisors have lost trust on the employees. Another instance is where the management and the employees have differing perceptions about work. 3. There is a problem with poor communication skills. Both the staff and employers are not able to communicate their problems to each other effectively. Supervision departments have doubts on employees work performance thus leading to mistrust among the two parties. The organization management should clearly state the roles and objectives of the company to both employers and employees so as to avoid poor communication skills. The organization management also has poorly set goals. When goals in an organization are not well established and explained to individuals, there is a high possibility of differing objectives and attitudes among people. Another challenge that the organization is facing is poor problem-solving skills. Despite the management being aware of the existing problems within the organization, no actions are taken to solve the conflict. 4. The parties in the company can work together to achieve the success of the organization in the following three ways. First, the management should develop a problem-solving approach. The problem-solving approach is likely to help companies solve differences among different company department. The problem-solving approach will also lead to the development of solutions that will amalgamate the company thus enhancing its prosperity (Cumming Worley, 2014).[4] Secondly, the company organization staff can help increase the company investments by coming up with a group dynamic strategy that will unite the team members, enhance a participatory approach to the contribution of both employers and employees towards the company welfare thus promoting unity and more income investment to the enterprise. 5. Tom Parker leadership model argues that a leader's behavior may influence an employee attitude towards work. Tom Parker explains that leaders control work goals and direct the path to goal attainment through mentorship flexibility, participation and employee motivation (Mcshen and sheen, 2011) [5] Tom Parker leadership style is more appropriate to the situation of the company as it encourages leaders at the company to set goals and work towards achieving them. It also helps leaders to motivation and to appreciate good employee-employer relationship by permitting a participatory module of organization management. 6. The most appropriate path leadership style is the participative leadership style. A participative leader is one who can clearly set their goals and ensure the goals are achieved to the latter. Participative leaders are concerned about the well-being of their employees. They encourage, motivate their employees and develop an effective problem-solving approach. 7.I believe that the case of the company requires an action of a participative leadership model. The company is undergoing issues of poor performance, lack of mistrust and understanding among employers and staff members. The employees and employers have changed their attitude about the company investment, and no one seems to be concerned about solving the current conflict. Applying a participatory leadership style for this situation will help in the development of a problem-solving approach, allow participatory contribution of members and promote better problem-solving skills. 8. Transformational leadership should also be utilized in this case as it will encourage the development of goals, integration and participatory approaches. A transformative leader will be able to develop attainable goals and implement appropriate problem-solving strategies thus leading to company growth. Transformational leaders believe in the strength of others, they encourage and motivate their team members performance (Nielson et al., 2008)[6]. They dont delight in conflict but find better mechanisms to go about the conflicts. 9. Formal authority of allocating performance bonuses for employees will push me towards applying substitutability and centrality approach before rewarding employees. Substitutability contingency will drive employees towards discovering appropriate work trends, finding relevant work practices and utilizing the work trends in their regular duties. Centrality contingency will encourage unity within the company thus promoting active cooperation among staff through collaboration and participatory approach thus leading to swift completion of tasks which will, in turn, improve business capital. Quality products supplied to clients due to improved new generation technology are likely to attract more customers. Employees should be rewarded with motivation and training so as to encourage better performance. 10. Shared leadership is a concept that allows leaders to share responsibilities among each other. This leadership concept is important for top managements. It allows equal distribution of accountability and encourages quality delivery of work performance as work is not overloaded to a particular individual. Shared leadership concept discourages self-centeredness and promotes unity. Bibliography Cummings TG, Worley CG. Organization development and change. Cengage Learning; 2014. McShane SL, Steen SL. Canadian organizational behavior. Irwin; 2011. Meglino BM, Ravlin EC. Individual values in organizations: Concepts, controversies, and research. Journal of Management. 2014 Jan 1; 24(3):351-89. Nielsen K, Randall R, Parker J, Brenner SO. The effects of transformational leadership on followers' perceived work characteristics and psychological well-being: A longitudinal study. Work Stress. 2008 Jan 1; 22(1):16-32. Scott WR, Davis GF. Organizations and Organizing: importance, natural and open systems perspectives. Routledge; 2015 Aug 7. William D. Formative assessment and contingency in the regulation of learning processes. In Annual Meeting of American Educational Research Association, Philadelphia, PA 2014 Apr. Meglino et al., Individual values in organizations: Concepts, controversies, and research. Journal of Management (2012), 89 William, Formative assessment and contingency in the regulation of learning processes. Philadelphia (2014),49 Scott Davis, Organizations and Organizing: importance, natural and open systems perspectives. Routledge, (2015), 32 Cummings Worley. Organization development and change. Cengage Learning (2014), 61 McShane Steen, Canadian organizational behavior. Irwin (2011),71 Nielsen et al. The effects of transformational leadership on followers' perceived work characteristics and psychological well-being: A longitudinal study, Work Stress (2008), 16-32.

Marketing Concepts and Theories

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Concepts and Theories. Answer: Introduction In China there is a ongoing transportation war between Didi Chuxing and Uber that is becoming more and more each day. The Chinese taxi market is dominated by Didi Chuxing, a local Chinese company based in Beijing and Uber, a taxi company based in San Francisco that was launched in China in the year 2013. Uber has been spending $1 billion, in order to compete against Didi Chuxing. This amount is equivalent to what it earns per year in the top 30 cities of its operations throughout the world. On the other hand, Didi Chuxing which holds a dominant position in the market has got huge financing from not only the local giants of technology like Tencent Holdings Ltd. as well as Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. but also from the global giants like Apple and was able to raise $1 billion funds from Apple. Overall, it was able to raise $2 billion in funding. Uber on the other hand does not have this kind of financing options available. Five Marketing Concepts The dominance of Didi Chuxing in the Chinese market over Uber can be related to its successful implementation of a number of marketing concepts and theories as given below Better Identification and Understanding of the Customer Needs A realisation is present in the world of modern business that the business undertakings need to be customer oriented and the marketers need to pay a closer attention towards the needs as well as the wants of the customers for achievement and maintenance of business relationships in a successful manner (Suensson, 2001). Didi Chuxing offers a variety of options to the customers as several distinct transportation services are offered by it. The customers can be picked up by a private car, taxi, shared car, bus or shuttle van while the focus of Uber is only on the private car rides. The reason for this is that Didi has carried out proper research to understand the needs of the local customers and understood the gaps in the market and according came up with the options (Gronroos, 1978). The company realised that in Beijing, an average employee has to travel about 15km to reach his or her workplace. This takes 44 minutes if the average speed is 20kmph. A high transport vacuum exists throughout China as the experience in the taxis, subways and local buses is not good and hence a need for better and more options. Customer Satisfaction in a better way The three Cs of customer satisfaction are consistency, consistency and just consistency and as the adage in marketing suggests that a happy customer is going to say a little while an unhappy customer will make sure that everyone knows about the negative interaction (Angelova Zekiri, 2011). Didi now encourages the customers to report about any negative incidents and for this they also have a WeChat system where they can report about bad taxi driver (Stinson, 2015). Besides the commuting options, a wide net is also being cast by Didi in terms of the geographic coverage which helps in increasing the customer base (Felix, 2015). Consequently, Didi handles over 11 million rides per day in comparison to 1 million rides per day by Uber in China in the year 2015. Cost Effectiveness The easiest ways of reaching the customers and which is more cost effective is through the use of online sites and apps for marketing the company (Olenski, 2015). The apps of large taxis do not get any transaction fees from the drivers of the taxi which leads to the acceptance among the taxi drivers. However, for hiring a private car, there is a charge of 3% applicable as transaction charge as it helps in the generation of revenue for these apps. Thus, offering of services like the taxi in private cars is not new but in China this is less disruptive in comparison to cities like Paris and the Government is more tolerant in China and so far a tough regulatory environment has not been faced by Uber for offering subsidies to the drivers. Rebranding for appealing to a larger audience Rebranding leads to the formation of an image of the product that is totally new and usually the old identity is lost (Goi Goi, 2011). The significant elements of the brand comprise slogan, logo and name and if changes are made by the company in these, it is significant that the change should create an impact which would be remembered by the customers, recognise as well as associate with. The change should help the consumers in recalling the brand name (Rosenthal, 2003). These strategies give the companies a competitive edge (Raja, N.S.; Zahad, S, 2015). The use of the name Didi Chuxing was a concept that was much more broader as in Chinese the meaning of Chuxing is commute or travel and thus it would have a greater connect with the customers in comparison to any other name. Identification and prediction of the future needs of the customers for maintaining long term relationships with them Goods as well as services are being made more progressive today as the businesses are looking for the unconscious consumer needs and producing goods in order to gratify them. The marketing concept takes the perspective of outside-in. It begins with a market that is well defined, focuses on the needs of the customers and integrates the various marketing activities affecting the customers. In turn profits are generated by the creation of last relationships with the right customers on the basis of value satisfaction (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). Developing autonomous features of driving and incorporating them in taxi-hailing apps fleet is the need of the customers in future. Car-pooling is fast emerging as a new option and journeys to the offices and shops are being shared by the people. Establishing self-driving cars is another driver for growth in future and they might make their appearance within the next two years. Conclusion A costly fight is being put up by both Didi Chuxing and Uber for attracting a higher number of drivers to sign up by providing them with subsidies and also attracting more passengers by providing deals like cash back. In a highly competitive business environment, more attention is paid by the firms to the customer needs so that quality products can be provided to them for satisfying their expectations which are ever rising. Didi always believes that a happy customer certainly means higher customer satisfaction as well as leads to customer retention in the long run (Hansemark Albinson, 2004). 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