An Ethnic Experience Essays

An Ethnic Experience Essays An Ethnic Experience Essay An Ethnic Experience Essay For some people, Yelp is a way to see how well a new restaurant down the street is rated. For me, Yelp is a way of life. My curiosity, appreciation for technology and innate love for food have made me into somewhat of a foodie. Its one of my better qualities. But, it also left me slightly stumped when I eceived this assignment to eat at a restaurant whose culture I hadnt already experienced. After some serious brainstorming and a bit of in-class homework, I finally came upon an ethnic restaurant that had slipped through my fingers until then. Im glad it took me this long, because this assignment left me with a newfound love- Ethiopian Food. Of the details that really hang in my mind, one was definitely the mood of the restaurant. I went to Abyssinia Ethiopian Cuisine, a small unassuming place next to an ethnic market on a small street in Anaheim. I would ave missed it, had I not been looking for the address. We parked in the first stall next to the door and went in about half an hour before close. A wave of deliciously spiced air greeted me and my boyfriend as an older lady with an enormous smile walked us into the next room and offered any seat in the house. Every table had a simple tablecloth, a vase and a single flower. The walls were covered with paintings, prints and the occasional mirror. At the back of the room, there was a table about two feet tall curiously topped with eight small cups and accompanied by a stool. I could not make out if it was for children to sit at or an offering table similar to those in some Asian cultures. Music played softly and I could not help but notice the similarities to the little Indian music IVe heard, though this was certainly more soothing and relaxing. The lights were low and the ambiance was gentle, welcoming and ethnic at every turn. The menu was our next challenge once we found seats. I looked over the entirety of the options about 3 times before I admitted that I didnt even know how to pronounce the first entr? ©e. Every dish had an ethnic name and ibs sounded Just as crazy as inJera. My boyfriend recognized an appetizer being delivered to another table and the waitress helped us pinpoint it on the menu as sambusas. We ordered one filled with beef and another with lentils. A navigating explanation later, we learned that Ethiopian dishes are served large and communal- style and that we knew nothing about what we were diving into. So we took the waitresss advice, settled on Abyssinia Yebeg Tibs as our entr? ©e and hoped for the best. Our waitress, who may have also been the owner, soon brought our appetizers. They came as flaky triangles on a plate with a small bowl of some green condiment that was mildly spicy and reminiscent of guacamole. Two teeny spoons accompanied it, but they were rather inefficient in transferring enough to the sambusa and I quickly turned to dipping mine. Both sambusas were extremely savory, and you could still extremely flavorful, and it was my personal favorite. Our main entr? ©e came soon after and the presentation was very different from any food Id ever tried. We were brought a pizza pan about 15 inches across covered with inJera, a sour, spongy bread hat was extremely airy and bubbly on one side but flat, continuous and crepe-like on the other. The waitress spooned the lamb dish in the center and brought us a basket with more of the spongy bread. The lamb was cubed and stewed with Jalapenos, onion, garlic and tomato. It was very fatty in taste but well balanced because of the spice. The handful of sliced greens heaped on the bread helped cut the grease and added to the variety of textures on the table. The stew soaked through the inJera very quickly and I had to double or triple it to keep my hands clean. The Dessert onsisted of baklava, which is a very sweet pastry typical in Middle Eastern and North African culture. The pastry was flaky and filled with a layer of sweet nuts and syrup. It was the sharpest tasting baklava Ive ever had. I dont know if Ill ever come across a meal as curious as Ethiopian again, but I hope I do. It was a welcome deviation from the typical cuisine in the area. The culture is lovely and welcoming and the food is delicious. I definitely recommend the food for the adventurous, for the curious and for lovers of spice. Ethiopian is an experience in and of itself.

US Aid to Developing Nations essays

US Aid to Developing Nations essays Assisting developing nations in the world is a US foreign policy priority in the pursuit of what the administration of President George W. Bush considers its moral imperative to combat poverty (Inter-American Development Bank 2002). In realizing this pursuit and implementing the foreign policy, he proposed a new initiative of development that would increase its accountability for both rich and poor nations and encourage the same commitment from, and link up with, other developed nations towards developing ones. In demonstrating this high level of commitment, President Bush raised the US core development assistance fund by 50% or 5 billion over 2002 level and deposited into a New Millennium Challenge Account for the benefit of developing nations' economies and standards of living (Inter- American Development Bank). The US has been the world's largest provider of humanitarian assistance and food aid at $3 billion in 2000; spends a billion dollars every month in the war against terrorism; contributed $978 million in 2001 along to international peacekeeping (Inter-American Development); imports the most from developing countries - $450 billion in 2000 alone or eight times more than all Official Development Assistance (ODA) country donors; and is the top source of private capital to developing nations at an average of $36 billion a year between 1997 and 2000 and of charitable donations to these nations, $ 4 billion in 2000 In 2000 alone, the US gave out $10 billion worth of ODA and even substantially increased afterwards in priority sectors, such as HIV/AIDS (54%), basic education (50%), trade and investment (38%), and agriculture (38%) (Inter-American Development Bank). Its core development assistance package rose significantly in Africa at 30%, Asia and the Near East at 39% and Latin America and the Caribbean at 29%. American aid to these developing or poor countries would ...

Effects of the Book Uncle Tom's Cabin on American history Research Paper

Effects of the Book Uncle Tom's Cabin on American history - Research Paper Example Clare, Tom Locker, Simon Legree, George, Emmeline and Cassy. The book depicts how slaves such as Uncle Tom and Eliza experienced a lot of suffering due to their strong Christian beliefs in a slave society. In the book, the black slaves try to liberate themselves from slavery by taking up Christian beliefs or escaping to Canada. The book highly depicts various beliefs that people had during the days of slavery, and the experience blacks had during the struggle against slavery. In essence, the book â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† acted as a blue print, which helped in overcoming the issue of slavery that was experienced by blacks in America. This paper will explain why and how the book â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† had a profound effect on American history. Through this book, â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† was very instrumental when it came to the issue of slave abolition, which ultimately affected the American history. The book made individuals and most importa ntly, slaves became aware of the fact that abolition of slavery, becoming free and earning human rights was possible. The book became popular, and in the process influenced the way individuals thought about slavery. The influence the book had on the American people made one region of America, which is the Northern States abolish slavery. The people Southern States of America who still had the desire of embracing slavery did not appreciate this act (Stowe & Douglass 42). In essence, this book â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† can be considered as being a great mastermind behind the civil war that was witnessed in America between the Northern and Southern States. One of the greatest and bloodiest wars that were witnessed in American history is the civil war, which has its origins intertwined with the book â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin†. There are statements, which depict that the former President, Abraham Lincoln in 1962 told the writer of the book â€Å"Uncle Tomâ€℠¢s Cabin†, Stowe that she was the ingenious woman who initiated the civil war between the southerners and the northerners. That was a strong statement, which helped in exemplifying how the book, â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† affected American history. The book had a tremendous effect on America’s history because it featured the lives of characters who were truly suffering with no reason. This fact made the readers become empathetic towards the people who were subjected to slavery. It is clear to understand that the Northerners were highly affected by the books contents and as a result, the authorities came out with the announcement of making slavery unlawful (Stowe 56). The book â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† affected American history, by making the events in the book seem real and personal to the face of readers. All those negative circumstances that Uncle Tom and his colleagues experienced instilled the idea of antislavery in the minds of people who r ead the book and pictured the scenario. People who read the book became empathetic, after they pictured how their normal lives would be greatly depleted if slavery would be part of their societal norms. The book further showed how family values were something that did not have any worth at all when it came to slavery. This was when Eliza and her son are forced to escape to Canada and leave behind George, in order to avoid being sold to a different slave owner as a settlement of debt

Self-efficacy and Self-regulated Learning in Academy Article

Self-efficacy and Self-regulated Learning in Academy - Article Example Thus self efficacy and self regulated learning in academic contexts can certainly boost a student’s grades and give him a better future, or indeed more options to choose from in terms of a career. Today, rapid changes in the world around us have led to a knowledge explosion, as information assails our senses every day. It is therefore important that everyone should learn and know how to digest new information. It means that we should have the skills to learn. Since learning is a life-long process, people should be trained with learning skills right from their youth- in fact from their school going days. However it has been observed that while some children are eager and enjoy the learning experience, others seek to avoid it at all costs and view it as a chore- they are afraid to learn. Thus parents and teachers have long been bothered by the problem of children’s low achievement in school. Purpose of the Research Since school is the primary setting in which academic sel f-regulatory skills are developed and maintained, this study seeks to understand the relation among self-regulated learning, self-efficacy, and school achievement. Some useful suggestions will also be made for teachers to help students develop high self-efficacy and good self-regulatory skills in order to make themselves self-regulated learners. To be a self-regulated learner is the final goal of school education and life-long education. LITERATURE REVIEW Self-efficacy, importance of task value beliefs versus perceptions of task difficulty, proper and clear goal orientation and personal interest in the task- these are the concepts that should be regulated by teachers and students in order that they may use self learning... This report approves that today, rapid changes in the world around us have led to a knowledge explosion, as information assails our senses every day. It is therefore important that everyone should learn and know how to digest new information. It means that we should have the skills to learn. Since learning is a life-long process, people should be trained with learning skills right from their youth- in fact from their school going days. However it has been observed that while some children are eager and enjoy the learning experience, others seek to avoid it at all costs and view it as a chore- they are afraid to learn. Thus parents and teachers have long been bothered by the problem of children’s low achievement in school. This essay makes a conclusion that the foregoing literature has indicated that high self-efficacy can enhance self-regulated learning and conversely, effective self-regulatory practices can also enhance self-efficacy. They both influence the academic performance and achievement. Based on the literature that has been reviewed, some suggestions are presented below for teachers to help students gain high self-efficacy and effective self-regulated learning in order to have good academic performance. If self-regulated learning can be taught and make students self-regulated learners, the goal of life-long education has been achieved. Self-regulated learning is stated to happen when students activate and maintain experiences and responses systematically geared toward achieving their learning goals.

Resructuring Model Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Resructuring Model Summary - Essay Example Whatever educational tool a school adopts, the objective should not only focus on academic outcomes, but also in grooming the student adjust to the existing demands of the volatile academic and social environment. I chose to study and analyze â€Å"Quantum Learning K-12† model because the principle objective of this model is aimed at integrating life skills into the curriculum; make content relevant and interesting; integrate technology and software into the classroom; and the target population is up to high school level starting from the elementary level. Especially, the model’s beliefs that (1) all people can learn; (2) people learn differently; and (3) learning is effective when it is engaging and challenging are true to fact and realistic. The Quantum Learning model proposed by Bobbi DePorter, and Rosa Davis, originated during a SuperCamp academic and life skills youth program in 1982. This program adopted by 80 schools in 11 states, was staged off in 1991. The â€Å"Quantum Learning† model was basically designed to achieve life skills in tandem with school education, foster dynamic and challenging environment, increase teacher strength, and enhance student’s achievement. The model components encompass a wide range of aspects such as enhancing leadership qualities, cognitive psychology, research-oriented teaching methods, involving parents and community, measuring performance through evaluation, and primarily making content relevant and meaningful in relation to student’s life. A comprehensive 40 hours of teacher training program that includes sessions such as classroom management and coaching, reinforcement programs, thoroughly provide ample training and strengthen teacher’s understanding of the program. An online Quantum Learning Bulletin Board connects all the teachers by way of posting questions and sharing ideas. The model also facilitates in using Atlas, a curriculum mapping Web

Dismissal or Termination of Employment Contract

Dismissal or Termination of Employment Contract The dismissal or termination of an employment contract by an employer may entitle an employee to seek redress through the courts based on a finding of wrongful and/or unfair dismissal. The pertinent distinction between the two is that a claim for wrongful dismissal is essentially an allegation of breach of contract, a common law action, whilst unfair dismissal is a dismissal committed in breach of relevant statutory provisions. In defence of such an action, an employer may wish to argue that a dismissal was justified or indeed may wish to raise a defence of fair dismissal. Examination of legal authority in this highly contentious area of Employment Law will reveal the circumstances in which the dismissal of an employee may be deemed to be wrongful, fair or unfair. Dismissal in breach of contract may lead to a finding of wrongful dismissal. This may occur where an employee, without being afforded the notice, which their employment contract stipulates they are entitled to, is dismissed. In fact any dismissal which is in breach of a contract of employment may be tantamount to a wrongful dismissal and this position is neatly dealt with by Smith and Thomas:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  if a contract is for a fixed term, or expressly stated to be terminable only in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  certain ways, and it is terminated before the term expires or in an improper way,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  that may be a wrongful dismissal. More typical, however, is the case where the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  employer dismissed the employee with no or inadequate notice, or purported to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dismiss him for cause where the facts did not justify such action. It should be noted that the Employment Rights Act (ERA) 1996, s.86(1) applies minimum notice periods to be given by an employer in terminating a contract of an employee who has been continuously employed for one month or more. However, an employer may be liable for damages for wrongful dismissal where the contract of employment specifies a longer notice period than that laid down by ERA 1996 and the employer in reliance on the statutory provisions, serves the minimum notice. The court may nonetheless import a reasonable notice period into a contract of employment as occurred in the decision of Hill v CA Parsons Co Ltd. In this case a chartered engineer had refused to join a trade union, despite his employers request for him to do so. The employer did not wish to dismiss the employee, but had negotiated terms with the union which required employees to join the union. The employer gave one months notice of dismissal., but should have provided three months notice under the relevant statutory provision at that time. It was held by the Court of Appeal, by a majority decision, that reasonable notice in this case would have been between six and twelve months in length. In defence of an action for wrongful dismissal an employer may contend that the dismissal was justified and such a defence will succeed where, for example, the employees behaviour amounts to gross misconduct. In accordance with s.94(1) of the ERA 1996, an employee has the right not to be unfairly dismissed. However, the first hurdle for an employee to overcome in an action for unfair dismissal is that he must have been continuously employed by that employer for a period of at least one year: s.108(1), ERA 1996. The employee must also show that he has been dismissed in accordance with one of the definitions of dismissal contained within the ERA 1996. Section 95 of the Act deals with the circumstances in which an employee is dismissed. The first situation under which an employee is dismissed is where the employment contract is simply terminated by the employer, whether with or without notice: s.95(1)(a), ERA 1996. This type of dismissal is otherwise known as direct or express dismissal. Difficulties may arise in interpreting an employers words and whether or not these can be said to have amounted to a dismissal. In Tanner v Kean the words used by the employer were youre finished with me. It was held by the Employment Appeals Tribunal that the words used should not be interpreted to signify a dismissal by the employer and that the test was what a reasonable employee would understand from the words used. In fact bad language by the employer used to signify the employee leaving the work place, will not amount to a dismissal: Futty v Brekkes. In this case the words Fuck off! were held not to constitute a dismissal, but it should be noted that such words were common in the dock yard workplace in question. The next category under which an employee is deemed to be dismissed by his employer is where an employees limited term contract terminates by virtue of the limiting event without being renewed. Sections 235(2A) and (2B) provide that a limited term contract is one which is not intended to be permanent. A limiting event in a contract for a fixed term means the expiry of the term, in a contract made in contemplation of performance of a specific task means the performance of the task and in a contract which provides for termination on the occurrence of an event or the failure of an event means the occurrence of the event or the failure of the event. The third category of dismissal under s.95 of the ERA is where:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the employee terminates the contract under which he is employed (with or   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  without notice) in circumstances in which he is entitled to terminate it without   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  notice by reason of the employers conduct: s.95(1)(c), ERA 1996. This is otherwise known as constructive dismissal as best explained by Lord Denning MR in Western Excavating v Sharp:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the employer is guilty of conduct which is a significant breach going to the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  root of the contract of employment, or which shows the employer no longer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  intends to be bound by one or more of the essential terms of the contract, then the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  employee is entitled to treat himself as discharged from any further performance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If he does so, then he terminates the contract by reason of the employers conduct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He is constructively dismissed. Lord Denning went on to explain that the conduct of the employer must be sufficiently serious to entitle the employee to leave at once and the Court of Appeal went to great lengths to stress that the employers conduct must have amounted to a repudiatory breach of the employment contract. This will occur where, for example, the employer breaches a fundamental term implied into employment contracts, to treat the employee with trust and confidence. In Stanley Cole (Wainfleet) Ltd v J F Sherridan the behaviour of the employer was held to open the door for a constructive dismissal claim as the employer issued a final warning to the employee for conduct which was considered to be minor in nature. As explained by Gwyneth Pitt:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This illustrates how the standards of acceptable behaviour have risen over the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  years, so that there is more likelihood of bad behaviour being held to destroy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mutual trust and confidence. It should be noted that even if an employee does not initially commence an action for constructive dismissal, where the employer commits repudiatory breaches of the contract, but remains in employment, the employee may still rely on those breaches as establishing breach of trust and confidence, at a later date: Lewis v Motor world Garages Ltd. In this case the Court of Appeal held that numerous, relatively minor repudiatory breaches could cumulatively amount to a breach of trust and confidence and that the employee could rely on earlier breaches committed by the employer, despite the employee initially having remained in employment following those breaches. It should be noted that before taking the draconian measure of dismissing an employee, an employer should follow the standard procedure set out in the Employment Act 2002, Schedule 2, Part 1. For example the employer should invite the employee to attend a meeting and must set out in writing the employees alleged misconduct which has led to the dismissal. If the employer does not follow these procedures the employee will be regarded as unfairly dismissed unless the employer can show that would have decided to dismiss the employee even if he had followed the standard procedure. Upon the employee establishing that he meets the requirements of one years continuous employment and that he has been dismissed, the burden of proof shifts to the employer to establish the reason for the dismissal and that the reason falls within one of the fair reasons for dismissal, contained within s.98, ERA 1996. The first of the reasons relating to fairness relates to the capability or qualifications of the employee: s.98(2)(a), ERA 1996. Capability means the employees capability assessed by reference to skill, aptitude, health or any other physical or mental quality (s.98(3)(a), ERA 1996) whilst qualifications relate to any degree, diploma, or other academic, technical or professional qualification relevant to the position held (s.98(3)(b), ERA 1996). The second reason relates to conduct (s.98(2)(b), ERA 1996) for which the ACAS Code of Practice on Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures (2004) provides guidance. For example, the Code makes provision for a written warning to be given in the case of a first finding of misconduct, other than gross misconduct: Para 21. However, where a warning would clearly not prevent an employee from committing the act of misconduct in future, dismissal in the absence of a warning may be held to be fair: Retarded Childrens Aid Society v Day. Other factors which are considered fair reasons for dismissal are redundancy and that the employee could not continue in his employment without breaching statute law: s.98(2)(c) and (d), ERA 1996. Finally, a dismissal may be fair if it is for some other substantial reason of a kind such as to justify dismissal (s.98(1)(b), ERA 1996) and it shall be for a tribunal or court to determine whether a dismissal fair for some other substantial reason. In any case, whether or not the dismissal is construed to be fair will depend on whether, in the circumstances, the employer acted reasonably or unreasonably in treating the reason as a sufficient reason for dismissal: s.98(4)(a), ERA 1996. In interpreting s.98(4), Lord Browne-Wilkinson in Iceland Frozen Foods v Jones stated that in many cases there is a band of reasonable responses to the employees conduct within which one employer might reasonably take one view and another employer might reasonably take another view. His Lordship stated that the function of an employment tribunal is to determine:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whether in the particular circumstances of each case the decision to dismiss the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  employee fell within the band of reasonable responses which a reasonable   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  employer might have adopted. It should be noted that it is sufficient for the employer to hold an honest belief, based on reasonable grounds, in the set of facts justifying dismissal. This position is best explained by Lord Denning MR in Alidair Ltd v Taylor:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a man is dismissed for stealing, as long as the employer honestly believed it on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  reasonable grounds, that is enough to justify dismissal. It is not necessary for the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  employer to prove that he was in fact stealing. Whenever a man is dismissed for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  incapacity or incompetence it is sufficient that the employer honestly believed on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  reasonable grounds that the man is incapable or incompetent. It is not necessary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for the employer to prove that he is in fact incapable or incompetent. If an employer fails to establish a fair reason for dismissal it is quite possible that an employee may succeed in an action for unfair dismissal and the employer may in fact be liable for both wrongful and unfair dismissal in the same action. However, provided that the employer follows the procedural safeguards contained within the Employment Act 2002 and the ACAS Code of Practice he should generally speaking, be safe in an action for unfair and/ or wrongful dismissal.

Lessons Learned in Kate O’Brien’s Land of Spices Essay -- Land Spices

Lessons Learned in Kate O’Brien’s Land of Spices Kate O’Brien’s Land of Spices is a good read especially if the bookworm is from a catholic school upbringing. The story’s contents complete with the antics of the girls and the lack of patience in the sisters is recognizable from memories drawn on similar events. The nuns’ softer emotions were hidden away from the students and only their hard-heartedness evident in the school’s classrooms. In sixth grade during the fall of 1963 after President Kennedy was shot and killed in Dallas, Texas, a Dominican sister was seen at school with tears in her eyes. At this moment the realization descended upon the enrolled that there was flesh and blood under that habit and not an alien being. O’Brien addresses Catholicism, homosexuality and love in her novel with creativity and realism for the times. On a negative note, the liberal use of the French language is a reminder that this book was written with the rich and cultured person in mind and become s aggravating to this unenlightened one. In reading the excerpt from The Land of Spices by Kate O’Brien contained in â€Å"The Penguin Book of Irish Literature†, this reader is at once aware of the descriptive words with which Helen (the eventual Reverend Mother of the novel) depicts her father, Henry Archer. She presents him in the passage as a man who is â€Å"very beautiful†¦different from other men†¦with curly, silky hair and eyes that shone like stars† and goes on further to say that â€Å"his face grew more beautiful as one drew nearer to it†. 1[1] Perhaps, this feminine portrayal is a less than subtle hint into Henry Archer’s being for in revealing him as a man with a feminine countenance and inevitably finding him locked in a loving embrace... ...ontrol to temperance to love. Despite the rocky relationship between Helen and her father she inadvertently learned patience from him as he continues to love her despite her attitude and she in turn awaits Anna’s realization of her interest and love. Helen and Anna learn temperance in their everyday dealings with Mother Mary Andrew. The greatest lessons are those of dedication and commitment as Helen in the role of Reverend Mother becomes the best nun she can be despite a decision made under duress. Notes: [1] From The Penguin Book of Irish Fiction p. 475. [2] From The Penguin Book of Irish Fiction p. 475. [3] From The Penguin Book of Irish Literature p.485. [4] O’Brien, Kate. The Land of Spices, p.20. [5] O’Brien, Kate. The Land of Spices, p.252. [6] O’Brien, Kate. The Land of Spices, p104. [7] O’Brien, Kate. The Land of Spices, p. 110.

Old Age Problem Essay

The elderly population in India is continuously increasing and also the problems faced by these people are increasing simultaneously. The number of people in old age homes is constantly increasing and also most of the parents are now deciding to live in old age homes rather than living with their children. Nowadays these people are facing the problems like lack of care, emotional support and economic support from the family etc. Our culture recognizes the status of the parents as that of God. A moral duty is put on the children to take care of their parents. But nowadays what we are observing in our society is that the children are not willing to take care of their parents, they do not want to spend money on them, they are treating their parents as aliens, they do not want to share an emotional bond with parents. These children are forgetting that the foundation of their life is built up by the parents. They are forgetting their moral and ethical duties towards their parents. This is because of fast life, industrialization, money oriented minds, inflation etc. Children have no time to look after their parents because of their busy schedule and as a  consequence of this situation the elders are getting neglected. At this age almost all the people need some kind of support. Definition Elderly or old age consists of ages nearing or surpassing the average life span of human beings. The boundary of old age cannot be defined exactly because it does not have the same meaning in all societies. Government of India adopted ‘National Policy on Older Persons’ in January, 1999. The policy defines ‘senior citizen’ or ‘elderly’ as a person who is of age 60 years or above. Characteristic of old age Poor eyesight Hard of hearing Grey/ White hair Wrinkles Cardigans Suspicious of technology Slower movements More likely to suffer from diseases Weaker immune system Social cause of old age problem Failing Health It has been said that â€Å"we start dying the day we are born†. The aging process is synonymous with failing health. While death in young people in countries such as India is mainly due to infectious diseases, older people are mostly vulnerable to non-communicable diseases. Failing health due to advancing age is complicated by non-availability to good quality, age-sensitive, health care for a large proportion of older persons in the country. In addition, poor accessibility and reach, lack of information and knowledge and/or high costs of disease management make reasonable elder care beyond the reach of older persons, especially those who are poor and disadvantaged. To address the issue of failing health, it is of prime importance that good quality health care be made available and accessible to the elderly in an  age-sensitive manner. Health services should address preventive measures keeping in mind the diseases that affect – or are likely to affect – the communities in a particular geographical region. In addition, effective care and support is required for those elderly suffering from various diseases through primary, secondary and tertiary health care systems. The cost (to the affected elderly individual or family) of health has to be addressed so that no person is denied necessary health care for financial reasons. Rehabilitation, community or home based disability support and end-of-life care should also be provided where needed, in a holistic manner, to effectively address the issue to failing health among the elderly. Economic insecurity Economic security is as relevant for the elderly as it is for those of any other age group. Those who are unable to generate an adequate income should be facilitated to do so. As far as possible, elderly who are capable, should be encouraged, and if necessary, supported to be engaged in some economically productive manner. Others who are incapable of supporting themselves should be provided with partial or full social welfare grants that at least provide for their basic needs. Families and communities may be encouraged to support the elderly living with them through counseling and local self-governance. Neglect The elderly, especially those who are weak and/or dependent, require physical, mental and emotional care and support. When this is not provided, they suffer from neglect, a problem that occurs when a person is left uncared for and that is often linked with isolation. Changing lifestyles and values, demanding jobs, distractions such as television, a shift to nuclear family structures and redefined priorities have led to increased neglect of the elderly by families and communities. This is worsened as the elderly are less likely to demand attention than those of other age groups. The best way to address neglect of the elderly is to counsel families, sensitise community leaders and address the issue at all levels in different forums, including the print and audio-visual media. Schools and work places offer  opportunities where younger generations can be addressed in groups. Government and non-government agencies need to take this issue up seriously at all these levels. In extreme situ ations, legal action and rehabilitation may be required to reduce or prevent the serious consequences of the problem Isolation Isolation, or a deep sense of loneliness, is a common complaint of many elderly is the feeling of being isolated. While there are a few who impose it on themselves, isolation is most often imposed purposefully or inadvertently by the families and/or communities where the elderly live. Isolation is a terrible feeling that, if not addressed, leads to tragic deterioration of the quality of life. It is important that the elderly feel included in the goings-on around them, both in the family as well as in society. Those involved in elder care, especially NGOs in the field, can play a significant role in facilitating this through counseling of the individual, of families, sensitization of community leaders and group awareness or group counseling sessions. Activities centered on older persons that involve their time and skills help to inculcate a feeling of inclusion. Some of these could also be directly useful for the families and the communities Fear Many older persons live in fear. Whether rational or irrational, this is a relevant problem face by the elderly that needs to be carefully and effectively addressed. Elderly who suffer from fear need to be reassured. Those for whom the fear is considered to be irrational need to be counseled and, if necessary, may be treated as per their needs. In the case of those with real or rational fear, the cause and its preventive measures needs to be identified followed by appropriate action where and when possible. Current statistics related to the old age problem †¢ The elderly population (aged 60 years or above) account for 7.4% of total population in 2001. For males it was marginally lower at 7.1%, while for females it was 7.8%. Among states the proportion vary from around 4% in  small states like Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Nagaland Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya to more than 10.5% in Kerala. †¢ Both the share and size of elderly population is increasing over time. From 5.6% in 1961 it is projected to rise to 12.4% of population by the year 2026. †¢ The sex ratio among elderly people was as high as 1028 in 1951 but subsequently dropped to about 938 in 1971 and finally reached 972 in 2001. †¢ The life expectancy at birth during 2002-06 was 64.2 for females as against 62.6 years for males. At age 60 average remaining length of life was found to be about 18 years (16.7 for males, 18.9 for females) and that at age 70 was less than 12 years (10.9 for males and 12.4 for females). †¢ There is sharp rise in age-specific death rate with age from 20 (per thousand) for persons in age group 60-64 years to 80 among those aged 75- 79 years and 200 for persons aged more than 85 years. †¢ The old-age dependency ratio climbed from 10.9% in 1961 to 13.1% in 2001 for India as a whole. For females and males the value of the ratio was 13.8% and 12.5% in 2001. †¢ About 65 per cent of the aged had to depend on others for their day-to-day maintenance. Less than 20% of elderly women but majority of elderly men were economically independent. †¢ Among economically dependent elderly men 6-7% were financially supported by their spouses, almost 85% by their own children, 2% by grand children and 6% by others. Of elderly women, less than 20% depended on their spouses, more than 70% on their children, 3% on grand children and 6% or more on others including the non-relations. Situation Analysis of The Elderly in India, 2011 †¢ Of the economically independent men more than 90% as against 65 % of women were reported to have one or more dependants. †¢ Mong the rural elderly persons almost 50% had a monthly per capita expenditure level between Rs. 420 to Rs. 775 and among the urban elderly persons, almost half of aged had monthly per capita expenditure between Rs. 665 and 1500 in 2002. †¢ Nearly 40% of persons aged 60 years and above (60% of men and 19% of women) were working. In rural areas 66% of elderly men and above 23% of aged women were still participating in economic activity, while in urban areas only 39% of elderly men and about 7% of elderly women were economically active. †¢ Even in 2007-08 only 50% men and 20% of women aged 60 years or more were literate through formal schooling. †¢ In rural areas 55 % of the aged with sickness and 77 % of those without sickness felt that they were in a good or fair condition of health. In urban areas the respective proportions were 63 % and  78 %. †¢ The proportion of elderly men and women physically mobile decline from about 94% in the age-group 60 – 64 years to about 72% for men and 63 to 65% for women of age 80 or more. †¢ Prevalence of heart diseases among elderly population was much higher in urban areas than in rural parts. †¢ About 64 per thousand elderly persons in rural areas and 55 per thousand in urban areas suffer from one or more disabilities. Most common disability among the aged persons was loco motor disability as 3% of them suffer from it. †¢ In age-groups beyond 60 years, the percentage of elderly women married was markedly lower than the percentage of men married. †¢ More than 75% of elderly males and less than 40% of elderly females live with their spouse. Less than 20% of aged men and about half of the women live with their children. Solution and remedial measure to solve old age problem 1 Administrative set-up The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment, which is the nodal Ministry for this purpose focuses on policies and programmes for the Senior Citizens in close collaboration with State governments, Non-Governmental Organisations and civil society. The programmes aim at their welfare and maintenance, especially for indigent senior citizens, by supporting old age homes, day care centres, mobile medicare units, etc. 2 Relevant Constitutional Provisions Article 41 of the Constitution provides that the State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want. Further, Article 47 provides that the State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties 3 Legislations The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 was enacted in December 2007, to ensure need based maintenance for parents and senior citizens and their welfare. General improvement in the health care  facilities over the years is one of the main reasons for continuing increase in proportion of population of senior citizens. Ensuring that they not merely live longer, but lead a secure, dignified and productive life is a major challenge. 4 National Policy on Older Persons (NPOP), 1999 The National Policy on Older Persons (NPOP) was announced in January 1999 to reaffirm the commitment to ensure the well-being of the older persons. The Policy envisages State support to ensure financial and food security, health care, shelter and other needs of older persons, equitable share in development, protection against abuse and exploitation, and availability of services to improve the quality of their lives. The primary objectives are: †¢ to encourage individuals to make provision for their own as well as their spouse’s old age; †¢ to encourage families to take care of their older family members; Situation Analysis of The Elderly in India, 2011 †¢ to enable and support voluntary and non-governmental organizations to supplement the care provided by the family; †¢ to provide care and protection to the vulnerable elderly people; †¢ to provide adequate healthcare facility to the elderly; †¢ to promote research and training facilities to train geriatric care givers and organizers of services for the elderly; †¢ to create awareness regarding elderly persons to help them lead productive and independent live. The Implementation Strategy adopted for operationalisation of National Policy envisages the following: †¢ Preparation of Plan of Action for operationalisation of the National policy. †¢ Setting up of separate Bureau for Older Persons in Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment. †¢ Setting up of Directorates of Older Persons in the States. †¢ Three Yearly Public Review of implementation of policy. †¢ Setting up of a National Council for Older Persons headed by Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment from Central Ministry, states, Non-Official members representing NGOs, Academic bodies, Media and experts as members †¢ Establishment of Autonomous National Association of Older Persons †¢ Encouraging the participation of local self-government 5 National Council for Older Persons In pursuance of the NPOP, a National Council for Older Persons (NCOP) was constituted in 1999 under the Chairpersonship of the Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment to oversee implementation of the Policy. The NCOP is the highest body to advise the Government in the formulation and implementation of policy and programmes for the aged. The Council was re-constituted in 2005 with members comprising Central and State governments representatives, representatives of NGOs, citizen’s groups, retired person’s associations, and experts in the field of law, social welfare, and medicine. 6 Inter-Ministerial Committee on Older Persons An Inter-Ministerial Committee on Older Persons comprising twenty-two Ministries/ Departments, and headed by the Secretary, Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment is another coordination mechanism in implementation of the NPOP. Action Plan on ageing issues for implementation by various Ministries/ Departments concerned is considered from time to time by the Committee. 8 Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 24 Situation Analysis of The Elderly in India, 2011 The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 was enacted in December 2007 to ensure need based maintenance for parents and senior citizens and their welfare. The Act provides for:- †¢ Maintenance of Parents/ senior citizens by children/ relatives made obligatory and justiciable through Tribunals †¢ Revocation of transfer of property by senior citizens in case of negligence by relatives †¢ Penal provision for abandonment of senior citizens †¢ Establishment of Old Age Homes for Indigent Senior Citizens †¢ Adequate medical facilities and security for Senior Citizens The Act has to be brought into force by individual State Government. As on 3.2.2010, the Act had been notified by 22 States and all UTs. The Act is not applicable to the State of Jammu & Kashmir, while Himachal Pradesh has its own Act for Senior Citizens. The remaining States yet to notify the Act are – Bihar, Meghalaya, Sikkim and Uttar Pradesh. 9 Central Sector Scheme of Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP) An Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP) is  being implemented since 1992 with the objective of improving the quality of life of senior citizens by providing basic amenities like shelter, food, medical care and entertainment opportunities and by encouraging productive and active ageing through providing support for capacity building of Government/ Non- Governmental Organizations/Panchayati Raj Institutions/ local bodie s and the Community at large. Under the Scheme, financial assistance up to 90% of the project cost is provided to nongovernmental organizations for establishing and maintaining old age homes, day care centres and mobile medicare units. The Scheme has been made flexible so as to meet the diverse needs of older persons including reinforcement and strengthening of the family, awareness generation on issues pertaining to older persons, popularization of the concept of lifelong preparation for old age, facilitating productive ageing, etc. The Scheme has been revised w.e.f. 1.4.2008. Besides increase in amount of financial assistance forexisting projects, several innovative projects have been added as being eligible for assistance under the Scheme. Some of these are: †¢ Maintenance of Respite Care Homes and Continuous Care Homes; †¢ Running of Day Care Centres for Alzheimer’s Disease/Dementia Patients, †¢ Physiotherapy Clinics for older persons; †¢ Help-lines and Counseling Centres for older persons; †¢ Sensitizing programmes for children particularly in Schools and Colleges; †¢ Regional Resource and Training Centres of Caregivers to the older persons; †¢ Awareness Generation Programmes for Older Persons and Care Givers; †¢ Formation of Senior Citizens Associations etc. Situation Analysis of The Elderly in India, 2011 The eligibility criteria for beneficiaries of some important activities/ projects supported under the Scheme are: †¢ Old Age Homes – for destitute older persons †¢ Mobile Medicare Units – for older persons living in slums, rural and inaccessible areas where proper health facilities are not available. †¢ Respite Care Homes and Continuous Care Homes – for older persons seriously ill requiring continuous nursing care and respite. During 2007-08, Government has spent more than 16 crores of rupees for assisting 660 such Programmes around the country which covered around fifty thousand beneficiaries. 10 Assistance for Construction of Old Age Homes A Non-Plan Scheme of Assistance to Panchayati Raj Institutions/ Voluntary Organisations/ Self Help Groups for Construction of Old Age Homes/ Multi Service Centres for Older Persons was started in 1996-97. Grant-in-aid to the extent of 50% of the construction cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 15 lakhs was given under the Scheme. However, the Scheme was not found attractive by implementing agencies and was discontinued at the end of the X Plan (2006-07). Section 19 of the Maintenance & Welfare of Parents & Senior Citizens Act 2007 envisages a provision of at least old age home for indigent senior citizens with 150 capacities in every district of the country. A new Scheme for giving assistance for Establishment of Old Age Homes for Indigent Senior Citizens in pursuance of the said provision is under formulation. 11 International Day of Older Persons The International Day of Older Persons is celebrated every year on 1st October. On1.10.2009, the Hon’ble Minister of Social Justice & Empowerment flagged off â€Å"Walkathon† at Rajpath, India Gate, to promote inter-generational bonding. More than 3000 senior citizens from across Delhi, NGOs working in the field of elderly issues, and school children from different schools participated. Help age India, New Delhi collaborated with the Ministry in organizing the event of the day. . Action taken by trainee for solving the problem Give awareness program should be conducted for the parents and children Parents should aware about their children proper growth .Then only they can be understood about the value of their parents Physiotherapy Clinics for older persons; Help-lines and Counseling Centers for older persons; Sensitizing programs for children particularly in Schools and Colleges; Regional Resource and Training Centers of Caregivers to the older persons; Awareness Generation Programs for Older Persons and Care Givers Be a role model by caring aged persons in their all needs Comments and suggestion Elderly or old age consists of ages nearing or surpassing the average life span of human beings. The boundary of old age cannot be defined exactly because it does not have the same meaning in all societies. People can be considered old because of certain changes in their activities or social roles. Also old people have limited regenerative abilities and are more prone to disease, syndromes, and sickness as compared to other adults. The medical study of the aging process is called gerontology and the study of diseases that afflict the elderly is geriatrics. Nowadays the number of old age homes are increasing. Reasons for this rapid increasing are improper caring their children, unrespectable to their own parents, aim only to be earn money, parents become burden and time of loss in their lives, aged people may have many diseases etc†¦.. Conclusion Aged people are really like children in their old age. When they have enough strength they gave care for their children and when they grew they avoid their parents because of their neat less performance towards others. We should understand their needs and have obligation to care aged persons. It is not only our duty but also our need. They may have many problems in their life that because of their age. They cannot avoid these problems themselves but it is the problems of this stage of growth. So we should care our parents as our gifts and become a role model for others. It is the collection of good deeds in our lives. So be proud about our parents.

buy custom General and Special Education essay

buy custom General and Special Education essay The purpose of this paper is to compare two instructional objectives topics. In this case, the paper seeks to compare how general education and special education teacher ensure that the student acquire the necessary life skills and literacy. Teachers decide on a number of issues in their everyday instruction that affect the learning of students. The differences in teaching materials, instructional activities, as well as means of assessment render it indispensible for teachers to design and implement instructional objectives. Second grade general education teacher, is a trained teacher who can instruct well the students without any disability whereas a special education teacher is one who is trained on how to instruct both youths and children with a range of disabilities (Tickle, 2002). The objective of both teachers is to ensure that the students acquire the necessary life skills and literacy. Instructional Curriculum Both the special education and the general education teachers will have to modify the existing curriculum of general education to suit the students needs and to ensure that the requisite remedial instruction is provided. In addition, the general education teacher will have to adjust the techniques used to facilitate learning to accommodate the needs of the student with disability. This will include the use of techniques such as intensive individualized tutoring, small group work and problem-solving coursework (Corte Verschaffel, 2006). With the tremendous growth in technology and its extensive use in special education, general educationist will have to incorporate the use of computer softwares as part of the curriculum materials. The familiarization will involve both the know-how and the installation of the software in their computers. For a special educationist, the curriculum will be individualized through the development of IEP (Individualized Education Program). The program puts into consideration the needs of the student and set goals to be achieved and how it should be achieved. Environmental and social factors will be the determining factors of future education. This implies that future curriculum will incorporate community needs since learners are part of the society together with the business world. The curriculum will also include skills such as problem solving. This implies that those skills that are required in solving educational problems should be part of the curriculum. The content of the future curriculum include futuristic education, immigrant education, electronic education, technical literacy, lifelong learning, international education, environmental education, nuclear education, health education and physical fitness, middle-grade education, aging education and for-profit education (Sugrue Day, 2002). The teachers role will change from providers of information to facilitators. With technology the way individuals work is modified, hence, the future curriculum should incorporate societys lifestyle, how learners feel as well as how they learn. Tea chers will play a primary role of instructional managers. The school curriculum represents work in progress involving a considerable number of stakeholders inside and outside the educational setting. Administrators, parents, businessman, students, community representative and teachers are among those who are responsible for curriculum development and design (Taylor, Marienau Fiddler, 2000). Identification of special needs General educationist identifies the needs of a student with disabilities either through observation or the parents worry about the child. Observations are based on monitoring their progress. When the achievements of the student are far below the expected it indicates a sign of disability. The special educationist will identify the special needs of student by use of early intervening services (EIS). The services include the use of screening tests. This will help in the identification of difficulties such as behavioural and learning or physical and sensory problems. There identification may be based on the students medical history. Methods of Assessment In order to facilitate the students with disability take a test, various techniques have to be used. For a general educationist, he/ she can give additional time during a test for those with disability or opt to read the material orally. This will make it easier for the disable to take an exam. Their assignments will also be simplified and shortened. Modification refers to changing the curriculum a bit to fit the needs of those with disabilities. In a broader sense, it means alternative assessment. For the general educationist, they give alternative assessment for the disable unlike the special educationist who administers assessment using the designed curriculum (Gronlund, 2009). How to support and meet the needs of students with disability Instructional accommodation will arise during the execution of the normal curriculum or when taking a test. For a general educationist to fully accommodate the needs of a student with disability, he/ she have to follow a developed IEP (Individualized Education Program). In the process, the general educationist will thrive to attain the set and tailored goals of the student. The program also incorporates the necessary steps to prepare well the student for middle school or for youths job or after secondary study. A general educationist should follow these steps. For the general educationist to support the IEP, he/she ensures that relevant materials and programs are available and the expertise of a specialist utilized (Rosenberg amp; McLeskey, 2008). The learner with disability should be given the required materials like computer, joystick among others to facilitate their learning process. All these can be accomplished if there is willingness to assist on the part of the educationist. O n another hand, special educationist develops the students IEP to suit the inabilities. In addition, they design and instruct appropriate curricula and assign work that perfectly matches the student disability. The teachers have to participate during the process of reviewing the IEP to best suit the student special needs. They also play a core role in the development of the appropriate behavior of the students with disabilities, socially and academically. This will help them to grow emotionally and interact well during social situations. The accommodation in broader sense will include the preparation of the disabled to face their future. This involves the provision of guidance and counselling together with life skills. These services will make it easier for the disable to lead a well-organized and better life after the schooling. The modifications should not lower the standards and expectations by which the students are evaluated. The modifications will have a change of the content, delivery and instructional levels (Kumar Bindhu, 2002). In addition, teachers participate in modification of the education system. The education system in the United States has undergone radical changes since the year 1940. The developments in the system have seen the country throughout its continued search for a curriculum that produces globally competitive graduates. The realization of the success has been made possible by the efforts that different stakeholders have undertaken to ensure reforms are implemented in the system. Their support extends to their willingness to provide financial support and involvement in different partnerships whose chief objective is to ensure success prevails among students. The education system has transformed the current dynamic society we are living in today, with its unrelenting pronounce of an integrated and equal society. This is evident with the eradication of aspects such as discrimination (Mertler, 2009). Discipline The special education teachers administer discipline for the disable through the BIP (behavioural intervention plan). On the other hand, general educationist administers discipline in reference to the IEP. Another consideration will be based on whether the behavior is a manifestation of disability or it is not. In case of a behavioural problem, that is not a manifestation of disability; the student will be punished just like the other students (Gronlund, 2004). Encouragement of students with disability For a general educationist, a student with special needs can be encouraged through guidance and capacity building. This will provide the student with the opportunity to perform his/ her functions without difficulty. On another hand, special educationist will encourage the students through equipping the student with life skills so that they can be people who depend on themselves. Inclusion and remediation General educationist take on inclusion is that it will create an opportunity where the existing social stigmas are reduced and student achievements improved. For a special educationist inclusion will limit the student from getting the required attention and practical skills. Laws governing instructional behaviour General education and special education teacher instruction are govern by laws. Laws can be defined as the body of rules and regulations that govern an individual conduct. For this case, we look at those laws that regulate the conduct of both teachers when they are discharging their duties. The government or state has the sole authority of setting or putting in place laws that govern teachers behaviour. In the United States, the National Education Association is responsible for laying down the laws to be adhered to by teachers during their work time. When adequate legislations are put in place, the education system will run smoothly and satisfying performance could be attained. The teachers are made aware of the penalties that their negligent behaviours could attract. The breach of the code of conduct normally attracts attention from the teachers governing body, and their redress may not be well with the accused teacher. The presence of the law helps to trim the way teachers carry th emselves. This is based on the provision that in instances where the teacher proves to be incompetent, the law provides for the suspension of the teacher (Hammond Bransford, 2005). The laws are put in place with the main objective of improving teacher-student relationship. The law stipulates how the teacher should relate well with the student. When the code of conduct provisions are adhered to fully the academic excellence of the students will be improved. The laws governing teachers will ensure that the teachers act reliably and professionally when associating amongst themselves as well as with students. This ensures that the students attain quality education and there is free flow of information that is relevant to the existing body of knowledge among the teachers. Where laws are clearly stated and outlined, the rights of students and teachers are well protected and confliction of the rights minimized. The teachers will be well aware of what they are required of them, hence maximum and respective services rendered (Mamlin, 2012). This will see the education system and performance undergo full vertical transformation. Learning styles In the same line of thought, learning style of both second grade and special education teacher encompasses individual physiological, cognitive, and affective behaviour processes. These processes represent more or less established indicators of how individuals perceive, relate, and react to learning opportunities. Learning styles are more or less permanent individual attributes that are not acquired easily. Consequently, a great deal of educational and psychological research has been devoted to the identification of learning styles and the relationship of personal differences to effective learning (Lindberg, 2007). In general, learning style researchers believe that curriculum and instructional strategies should be adjusted or tailored to individual learning styles. Learners who receive instruction adapted to their personal learning styles obtain higher test scores and more eagerly seek to learn and develop. In contrast, a disparity between learning style and instructional strategy fr equently causes both the teacher and the student to feel frustrated and aggravated. Finally, research findings suggest that the socio-economic, ethnic, and cultural environment of students need to be considered when identifying learning styles and planning instructional strategies (McKenzi Santiago, 2005). Learning theories It is important to examine some of the theories that have been developed in relation to how individuals learn, and are applicable in the achievement of instructional objectives. In this context, learning theory scholars have long examined how individuals learn. For example, developmental learning theories hypothesizes that learning occurs incrementally as an individual matures cognitively, emotionally, and physically. According to behaviourist learning theory, learning is demonstrated through behavioural changes that occur in the learners response to stimuli in their environment. Cognitive learning theories are concerned with how the brain processes and stores new information. Adult Learning Theory (andragogy) assumes that adults have learning needs that are unique from those of children and that adults prior experiences influence their learning (DeVries, 2002). Learning theory scholarship represents an effort to comprehend and describe how individuals learn. Three of the most widely recognized learning theories include: developmental learning theory, behaviourist learning theory, and cognitive learning theory. Apart from this point, there is the developmental learning theory. The foundation of developmental learning theory is the idea that learning occurs incrementally as an individual matures cognitively, emotionally, and physically. In general, developmental theories comprise the following fundamental principles: (a) Every healthy human being goes through specific stages of development, (b) Instructors should respect individual differences, which are a product of the individuals stage of development, (c) Instructors should pay attention to the strengths and limitations of students at different stages of development, (d) Teachers need to evaluate students developmental readiness to read and write, and (e) Teachers need to deliver instructi on appropriate for the students level of development (Day, 1999). The theory of adult learning, which is termed as andragogy is different from pedagogy, the traditional method of educating children, and addresses the following six attributes of the mature student: (a) the students need to know, (b) the students self-concept, (c) prior experience, (d) readiness to learn, (e) orientation to learning, and (f) motivation. The theory assumes that mature students participate in educational environments in order to satisfy an existing need (Spinelli, 2006). Moreover, adult learners have a wide variety of prior experience that will influence their learning. According to the adult learning theory, the instructor should acknowledge the needs and accumulated learning of the adult pupil and implement a collaborative classroom in which the instructor and student learn from one another. By so doing, the learning of the student will be made easy. Conclusion Special education and the general education teachers will have to modify the existing curriculum of general education to suit the students needs and to ensure that the requisite remedial instruction is provided (Arunachalam Gopal, 2010) . Learners who receive instruction adapted to their personal learning styles obtain higher test scores and more eagerly seek to learn and develop. In contrast, a disparity between learning style and instructional strategy frequently causes both the teacher and the student to feel frustrated and aggravated. In addition, the government or state has the sole authority of setting or putting in place laws that govern teachers behaviour. In the United States, the National Education Association is responsible for laying down the laws to be adhered to by teachers during their work time. Learning style of both second grade and special education teacher encompasses individual physiological, cognitive, and affective behaviour processes. These processes represent more or less established indicators of how individuals perceive, relate, and react to learning opportunities (Day, 1999). Learning theory scholars have long examined how individuals learn. For example, developmental learning theories hypothesizes that learning occurs incrementally as an individual matures cognitively, emotionally, and physically. According to behaviourist learning theory, learning is demonstrated through behavioural changes that occur in the learners response to stimuli in their environment. Cognitive learning theories are concerned with how the brain processes and stores new information. Buy custom General and Special Education essay

airframe essays

airframe essays I am interested in aircraft, especially airplane engines and structure. I have studied for five years in Japan about aviation maintenance at my high school and my college which have aeronautical engineering departments. Needless to say, I am majoring in the aviation maintenance technology. Aircraft are eminently related to physics. I therefore chose this book,  gAirframe h. I think that a person who is interested in aviation would feel interested in this book. I have already studied about some flight dynamics in Japan. I am therefore going to write about lift and a stall, wing curvature, axis of an airplane in flight, and my doubt in the book. The book gives an example of an airplane bound from Hong Kong to Dallas, TPA 545, which stalled on its way to Dallas. The circumstance was that the plane suddenly descended and went up, then it stalled and went down again. However, the pilots of the plane recovered the airplane fs balance and altitude, and the airplane made an emergency landing at Los Angeles airport. I am going to write about the reason why airplanes can fly before I write about a stall, because it is easy to understand a stall when the physics of flight are understood. Airplanes can fly by making use of lift. Air usually flows are both the upper and lower wing fs surfaces. There are differences in airspeed and air pressure between air flowing over the upper side and air flowing under the lower side of a wing. The air flowing over the upper side is faster than the opposite sides air, and the air pressure on upper side is lower than the opposite air pressure. The power to lift up, which is called lif t, therefore acts on the wing, and the phenomenon is known as Bernoulli fs principle. These are the reasons why airplanes can fly. A stall is caused by exfoliation of air on a wing. I think that there is some possibility of any airplane stalling from this phenomenon. In my opinion, the airplane was fall...

Poitical science Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poitical science - Movie Review Example The group recruited approximately three million youths who served during its tenure. The major aim of the group, which was under the supervision of the armed forces, included planting of trees. The youths also engaged in fighting malaria by draining the swamps. In addition to this, the group was also actively involved in restocking the fish levels in the rivers and lakes. The groups also engaged actively in controlling the floods and construction of public parks. A subscription fee of $30 was paid monthly but $22 was sent to the families of the youths who were engaged at work. The group also engaged in construction of public and state roads. The youths worked hard and did not sleep at night as they attended various classes that instilled on them the knowledge of doing the variety of jobs they were engaging on during the day. By 1942, the program was disbanded after it achieved its objectives and mission as the economy got back to normal. . It is paramount for us to understand that the youth are the pillars of the economy. This is because they possess great skills and energy in performing various duties in the society. Their active participation helped the US to get back on its feet after suffering from the economic recession. Involving the whole society in the building of the nation is the key for development. This concept did not only create jobs but also fostered good environmental protection as well as maintaining good relations in the society. During this time, America relied on agriculture as the backbone of their economy and therefore they had to look for the best means of protecting the economy. Many countries can adopt this strategy and help overcome the poverty levels they experience. This film is useful in appreciation of cultural and racial ethnicity. This is because both the blacks and the whites actively participated in the program despite their status. The amount of money sent to the families

Finance and Accounting Assignment Research Paper

Finance and Accounting Assignment - Research Paper Example Irrespective of such disruptions, in the year 2011, Ford completed its consecutive three years of earning profit in relation to its operating costs and, therefore, announced the payment of dividends to its valued shareholders in five years, which, in turn, has significantly motivated the company to preserve its financial efficiencies in the long run (Ford Motor Company). Thesis Statement The report will analyze various divisions and departments of Ford where costs are allocated currently. Furthermore, it will provide recommendations based on the importance of divisions and departments about effective allocation of costs. Allocation of Costs The automobile industry is facing continuous challenges due to the increasing fuel prices, uncertain economic conditions prevailing in the international arena, rising commodity prices and the growing need to reduce CO2 emissions in order to protect the environment. Thus, Ford has been allocating huge amount of revenues to the Research and Developm ent (R&D) department in order to develop best-in-class vehicles that will provide superior quality, efficient fuel economy, safety, value for money and attractive design which best satisfies the consumer preferences. Furthermore, the company has been doubling its investment in innovating advanced technologies in order to maintain a high degree of competitive edge over its global competitors (Ford Motor Company). Although the automobile industry is facing fierce competition due to the presence of large number of competitors, Ford can utilize its brand recognition and strong financial resources to expand its global presence and increase the volume of sales. Sudden shifts in demand have also been identified, from hybrid cars to small cars due to the non-availability of parking spaces and traffic congestions. Thus, the sudden increase in demands disrupted the process of production as the company had to make major changes in order to shift its manufacturing concentration solely to small cars segment. Furthermore, the introduction of advanced technologies has emerged as a growing trend among the car manufacturing companies across the globe. Thus, Ford should emphasize more on its technology development department in order to introduce unique technologies integrated with modern vehicles: parking assistance, car tracking device and GPRS among others (Ford Motor Company). Moreover, the company can invest its capital for expanding its production facilities in countries where Ford’s market share is considerably lower than that of other car companies even though the markets are promising. Hence, the establishment of manufacturing units will lower the logistics costs and enable the company to have greater profit margins. Furthermore, the company may allocate additional funds to the marketing segment in order to promote the uniqueness of its technologies. Notably, the recovery of the global economy from the financial downturn has provided consumers around the world w ith an increasing purchase power, which has been reflected through the increased demand across the globe. People are comfortable in spending money for luxurious products, especially those with integrated technologies which have not been introduced earlier (Humphrey and Memedovic). Benefits of